ESL Beginner Dialogueâ€Whats in Your Office

Speaking about objects in your office means that youll need to understand the use of there is and there are, as well as any or some for asking and answering questions about those objects. Youll also practice using prepositions of place to describe where the objects in your office are located. Practice the dialogue with your partner and then continue discussing your own office or school. Whats in Your Office? David: Ive got a new office now†¦Maria: Thats great! Congratulations. David: Ill need a desk and some cabinets. How many cabinets are there in your office?Maria: I think there are four cabinets in my office. David: And do you have any furniture in your office? I mean other than the chair at your desk.Maria: Oh yes, Ive got a sofa and two comfortable armchairs. David: Are there any tables in your office?Maria: Yes, Ive got a table in front of the sofa. David: Is there a computer in your office?Maria: Oh yes, I keep a laptop on my desk next to the phone. David: Are there any flowers or plants in your office?Maria: Yes, there are a few plants near the window. David: Wheres your sofa?Maria: The sofa is in front of the window, between the two armchairs. David: Thanks a lot for your help, Maria. This gives me a good idea of how to arrange my office.Maria: My pleasure. Good luck with your decorating!

A Comparison of Michelangelos and Donatellos Sculptures...

A Comparison of Michelangelos and Donatellos Sculptures of David Michelangelo and Donatello were the most respected and inspiring artists of their time. Michelangelo of the High Renaissance and Donatello of the Early Renaissance both hailed from Italy. Both tell the biblical story of David versus Goliath, as told in I Samuel 17:28-51, in their sculptures David. David was a Shepherd boy who killed the giant Goliath with nothing but a slingshot in his hands. Michelangelo displays David before the battle while Donatello shows David after the battle with Goliath. Michelangelo and Donatello were two of four famous artists who have created a statue depicting their image of David; Bernini and Andrea del Verrocchio were the others,†¦show more content†¦He wears a mercury hat and what appears to be boots on his legs. 4Being mainly a practical garment of the lower classes, the hat has many varieties and shapes according to different regions. The laurel on the top of the hat is the symbol for a victorious general in roman times. 4Peasants, s hepherds and many others working in the fields wore these hats to protect them from the sun. Since David came from the hot desert to battle Goliath, it is appropriate for David to be wearing indeed clothes for hot weather. It is still uncertain whether the boots David wears are military gear or shepherds boots. There is no reason for David to be wearing military footgear since he was too weak to carry the additional armor he was offered before the fight. In Davids left hand, you can see him holding onto the stone that was cast at Goliath. With his right hand, David leans on Goliaths sword of which he used to cut off the giants head and stab him. The sword represents Gods role in this story; David would be too weak to carry the sword alone. This statue was originally placed at the Palazzo Medici, but is now located at the Museo Nazionale del Bargello in Florence, Italy. Goliaths head is located under Davids left foot. On the helmet of Goliath is depicted a scene of the Ark of the Covenant carried by angels. Above the ark are the priests Ophni and Pinnees given offerings from the angels of God. This scene on the helmet is part ofShow MoreRelatedStatues of David in Renaissance Art926 Words   |  4 PagesDavid, the heroic underdog in the story that is â€Å"David and Goliath.† David has become some kind of patron saint of Florence for his near impossible slaying of the giant Goliath. With the help of god, David became victorious, just like with the help of God, Florence has been the center of Renaissance Art and still stood strong despite their â€Å"Goliath,† the city of Milan. Its no surprise that Florence is filled with several statues of David. Florence embodied is â€Å"David,† and elite of Florence, includingRead MoreRenaissance in Cinquecento Italy 1313 Words   |  6 Pagesdesign (see handout from September or Google â€Å"art elements and design principals†). ANDREA DEL VERROCCHIO, David 1465 – 1470 or DONATELLO, David, 1440–1460 VS. MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI, David, 1501 – 1504 Interest in humanism and the rebirth of Classical, spur an interest in authentic Roman and Greek sculptures. The revival of nudity in life-size sculpture was initiated by Donatello’s David, and continued through the Renaissance. Nudity led to an increase study of human anatomy. Sculptors competedRead MoreDavid by Donatello and Michelangelo1199 Words   |  5 PagesDavid by Donatello and Michelangelo When thinking about a triumph over an unimaginable feat, the story of David and Goliath comes to mind. 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Nonetheless, Cosimo quickly established his authority in receiving the recognition of Emperor CharlesRead MoreEssay about Comparison of Michelangelo8217s and Bernini8217s Davids2039 Words   |  9 PagesComparison of Michelangelo8217s and Bernini8217s Davids â€Å"The greatest artist has no conception which a single block of marble does not potentially contain within its mass, but only a hand obedient to the mind can penetrate to this image.† Michelangelo describes in the above quote what it is like to carve a likeness of a person out of a large block of marble. As we know from seeing his work, he did an excellent job with this task. Bernini did just as fine a job on his, but in a much different

Violations Of Parole Supervision Are Technical Violations

Studies have found that many violations of parole supervision are technical violations instead of the parole reoffending. Technical violations can range from a curfew to stipulations that the parole must not drink alcohol or be in a house that contains alcohol. These technical violations, while some may consider small or insignificant violation, can cause hardships and negative outcomes for the parolee. These technical parole terms are put in place to hopefully lessen the likelihood that the parolee will reoffend. For example, the members justice system may believe that parolees are more at risk to reoffend when drunk thus they place the parolee under strict instructions to not consume any alcohol or even be in the presence of alcohol to hopefully help curb temptation to drink. The members of the justice system may also want to help the parolee stay away from the negative and deviant life they were living before prison. To accomplish this the parole board might put in the parole terms that the parolee is not allowed to associated with current or past known gang members. The technical parole term of not drinking may also be a way the parole board is trying to keep the parolee from going back to their old lifestyle of crime. When the parolee drinks they are less in control of their actions and may go back to hanging out with their old deviant friends. The parolee may also have less co ntrol of their anger and may go back to their habit of being violent. These parole termsShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Probation And Parole As The General Topic And It Will Go Into Future1194 Words   |  5 Pageson Recidivism in correctional probation and parole as the general topic and it will go into future detail for this research paper. Correctional probation and parole institutions struggle with offender recidivism. Which is why this topic will help these institutions in the criminal justice field to become aware of what methods can help reduce offender relapse. The intention of this topic is to elaborate with further information for the Probation and parole agency that will be used during an internshipRead MoreProbation And Parole And Juvenile Offenders Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pages Probation and parole were unknown concepts until the early 19th century. Just over one-hundred years old, the emphasis has moved from the offender to concern for the welfare of the community, altogether public safety. Probation and parole accommodates the offender by allowing them to reenter or remain in society, while they serve their sentences. Today, the probation and parole agencies in the United States handle millions and only sixty percent of probationers complete their obligations successfullyRead MoreEvaluation Of A Probation Supervision1737 Words   |  7 Pagesprobation supervision, is defined by the Criminal Justice Today textbook as a form of probation supervision involving frequent face-to-face contact between the probationer and the probation officer (Schmalleger 399). This type of probation has been described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States, and is designed to achieve control in a community setting over offenders who would otherwis e go to prison. Some states have extended intensive supervision to paroles, allowingRead MoreRehab Paper1529 Words   |  7 Pages05 2011 Rehabilitation Paper Parole happens when the release of an inmate, before the termination of the inmate’s court-imposed sentence, with a period of supervision to be successfully completed by compliance with the conditions and terms of the release agreement ordered by the Commission. The decision of the Commission to parole an inmate shall stand for an act of grace of the State and should not be considered a right. Probation is a period of supervision in the community imposed by the courtRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1166 Words   |  5 PagesCourt of the United State to California to reduce the inmate population in its prisons to the amount that the prisons were designed to hold (Petersilia, 2014). They were allowed two years to do this (Petersilia, 2014). This was ordered due to the violation of the inmates’ rights which was being caused by overcrowding (Petersilia, 2014). In the article it states, â€Å"The Supreme Court found that California had violated the Eight Amendm ent ban against cruel and unusual punishment by providing constitutionallyRead MoreProblems and Challenges Facing Probation1624 Words   |  7 PagesAn Overview of the Parole System and its Problems Overcrowding in both state and federal prisons has been a major problem facing the corrections system. There have been many ways to try and stop the overcrowding, but it is still a problem to this day. Parole is just one strategy that has helped with this problem. The first actual type of parole was introduced by Alexander Maconochie in 1840. It was a primitive system and the first actual system of parole was introduced in 1846 by Sir Walter CroftonRead MoreEffective Supervision Probation : How Effective Is It?1309 Words   |  6 PagesTiffany Thomas Seminar in Criminal Justice Term Paper Due November 24, 2015 Intensive Supervision Probation: How effective is it? Due to the increase of correctional populations that continue to exceed its’ capacity, correctional alternatives were created. Correctional alternatives were to alleviate both prison crowding and the threat to public safety posed by serious offenders (Flores, Holsinger, Latessa, Lowenkamp, Makarios, 2010). Rehabilitation in the 1970s was a variable correctionalRead MoreReentry and the American Prison System1613 Words   |  6 Pagesformer prisoner to reside with them for fear they may get back into trouble.Many end up having to resort shelter or temporary housing. This can affect their ability integrate negatively. A study conducted in New York in 2002 concluded that one on parole living in shelters were seven times more likely to abscond in comparison to one with a form of housing. Like finding a house, a job is also a vital key to reintegration. Studies show that there is a strong positive correlation between successfulRead MoreShould Prison Offenders Be Prosecuted?2377 Words   |  10 Pagesnew sentence or violation of parole or probation to a Massachusetts state or county facility or to a federal facility within three years of his/her release. Re-Incarceration: Types of re-incarceration include technical violation of parole, parole violation with a new offense, return to county custody, return to state or federal custody, technical violation of probation, and probation violation with a new offense. An inmate who is re-incarcerated due to a technical violation of parole or probation isRead MoreParadigm Shift And The Evolving Corrections Environment Assignment1205 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity-corrections linkages and a policing style of parole supervision led many to be returned to prison for either a new offense or technical violation. In fact, recent estimates continue to suggest that re-incarceration due to a parole violation or new crime while under supervision account for a much larger ratio of all prison admissions, representing 40 percent in 2001 (Glaze, 2002). Despite the intense scrutiny of an offender’s parole plan (e.g., lodging, employment), the existence of an inverse

Theu.s. P. Taylor s Ten Days That Shook The World

99 years has passed since the 1917 October Revolution - a time of chaos and uncertainty, an event that would shape the world for decades to come. In the midst of the â€Å"fog of revolution†, John Reed’s Ten Days That Shook the World navigates through this tumultuous time. Reed was an American journalist and socialist, coming to Russia on an assignment from a socialist magazine, The Masses - he was a man deeply involved with the socialist movement, and thus, with the revolution. As the historian A. J. P. Taylor puts it, â€Å"This was his revolution, not an obscure event in a foreign country.† Thus, his first-hand account, written in 1919, provides a â€Å"slice of intensified history†, attempting to capture the spirit of the revolution, rather than providing a dry text on it - sometimes forsaking historical accuracy, but genuinely attempting to be a fair account, despite its bias. The book starts off towards the end of September 1917, with tensions already high. Though the February Revolution had signified a new change in Russia, the provisional government continued to fight in the Great War. The moderate socialists in power, led by Alexander Kerensky, were opposed by the radical Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky. This is where Reed comes in the picture. Only weeks earlier, General Kornilov had marched on Petrograd. The populace was already discontent, but the Kornilov affair had revitalised support for the Bolsheviks. This culminates in the October Revolution - the

Elements of Small Business Environment Free Essays

THE ELEMENT OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Entrepreneurship Individual Assignment THE ELEMENT OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Entrepreneurship Individual Assignment NGUYEN THAI HA B0074 – BA505 ETR401   |   LECTURER: MR. NGHIAHT NGUYEN THAI HA B0074 – BA505 ETR401   |   LECTURER: MR. NGHIAHT CONTENTS I. We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Small Business Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTRODUCTION of ENVIRONMENT II. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT III. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 1. Task Environment 2. General Environment IV. CONCLUSION V. PREFERENCES I. INTRODUCTION In order to start up or become effective, each new and current companies have to use a number of elements within the environment to gauge the path by which they ought to steer. So what is environment? â€Å"Environment is the sum total of forces outside of the entrepreneur and the firm† According to BRIE, the entrepreneur have to create a â€Å"Boundary within the environment, setting firm apart from the rest of the environment†. The Resources, says, knowledge, money are gathered from the environment. It is also at the core of Exchange because Exchange is the firm/entrepreneur dealing with the atmosphere – buying, selling, trading, etc. Similar article: KFC Macro Environment In short, a firm’s operation activities always involves with environment or environmental factors. It’s divided into 2 elements: Internal and External Environment. The Task the General Environment are subset of External Environment. II. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT In accordance with the definition of Internal environment in the text book, â€Å"Internal environment are the people groups within the boundary of firm, including the owners, managers, employees, and board members of the firm†. Understanding the Internal context is essential to confirm that the risk assessment approach meets the needs of the firm and of its owner. It is the environment in which the firm operates to achieve its objectives and which can be influenced by the firm to manage risk. The internal context is considered having more factors than just all members involved * Internal stakeholders: owners, managers, etc. * The policies, vision, mission and strategic plan in place to achieve them Vision and mission are vitally important to a business because of the direction, guidance and purposes, even inspiration they give to both employees and entrepreneurs. * Perceptions, value and culture Culture factor inside the firm can make or break the business. At best, the corporate culture can be a competitive advantage; at worst, it can be a significant drag on business results. â€Å"Companies with an adaptive culture that is aligned to their business goals routinely outperform their competitors. Some studies report the difference at 200% or more†. Mostly, it is the owner, entrepreneur who shape business culture. The leaders who are able to shape their culture â€Å"have a strong understanding that creating thriving, high-performance culture aligned with their company’s mission, vision and values is vital strategy for success†. HP (Hewlett Packard) coped with some problems few years ago and was forced to change its culture. Each staff has to point out their own personal and professional objectives for a year and are encouraged, supported to meet the goals. After the change, HP no longer loss in productivity despite shorter working time and increase in staff retention rate. * The capabilities in term of resources knowledge: people, physical assets, technologies, etc. * Standards and reference models in system, enterprise, software engineering * Structures: governance, roles, etc. III. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT A business has to interact to what happen outside internal environment to fulfill Exchange in BRIE model. It is External environment surrounding the business operations and the internal environment of business. External environment may include Task Environment which can be called Micro Environment and General Environment or Macro Environment. 1. Task Environment – Micro Environment a. Element of Task Environment The microenvironment is made from components that are close to the company and directly impact the business. For examples: * Publics group â€Å"can have an  actual or potential interest in or impact on an  organization’s ability to achieve its objectives†. Publics can  be: * Media publics: carry news, features, and editorial opinion * Local publics: neighborhood residents and community organizations. †¦ * Customers: Company must study its customer markets closely since each market  has its own special characteristics. Customers can be B2C, B2B or B2G * Suppliers: Provide the resources or input needed for the business to produce goods and services that play key roles in â€Å"value delivery system† for customers. Suppliers can leave huge impact on business due to supply shortage or the bargaining power of suppliers * Competitors: A company has to face with wide range of competitors and secures its strategic competitive advantages over competitors by technologies or selling point of the products or wipes out the marketplace. †¦.. Walmart case will serve as an example. â€Å"Walmart’s Micro environment would be very much focused on immediate local issues, local public. It would consider how to recruit, retain and extend products and services to customers. Walmart should pay close attention to the actions and reactions of direct competitors: local markets, etc. Walmart would build and nurture close relationships with key suppliers for pricing factors and time of delivery. † b. Porter five forces Task environment elements also appear in Porter five forces which is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development. It derives five important forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore, the attractiveness of a market. 5 typical factors have direct impact on the business. . General Environment – Macro Environment The General Environment can be described by PESTEL model. It refers to all forces that are part of society, affect business and micro environment. * Political factors include: * Government’s stability * Social policies: welfare, etc. * Trade regulation: EU WTO, etc. * The Government set the laws, regulations and policies that can promote or limit the individuals and organizat ions in a society * Economic factors: * Economic growth * Unemployment rate * Interest rate†¦ Economic factor can effect purchasing power and spending patterns. â€Å"Element like interest rates affect a firm’s cost of capital and therefore a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the export and import goods in an economy. † * Social factors: * Demographics Demographics studies population patterns: sizes, age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, etc. Those patterns are investigated for companies to change various strategies to adapt to these social trends, such as recruiting staff or design suitable products for each segment Let take an example of age changing structure in US: * Generation Y: born 1980 – 1995 - technology wise, optimistic, confident, sociable, flexible and changing in its fashion, style consciousness   * Generation Z: born after 1995 - life with internet, phones,†¦ communicate through social media rather than personally meeting * Technological factors: RD, automation, etc. This factor can affect cost, quality and lead to innovation of a business. * Environmental – Eco factors: Climate, energy consumption, waste disposal, etc. Awareness of the potential impacts of climate change affects how companies operate and the products/services they offer. There is a strong connection between a healthy economy and a healthy environment. Business should build environmental sustainable strategies for a life-long span. * Legal factors: Antitrust law, consumer law, employment law, etc. Legal factors can shape the way companies operate and interact with employees, customers, etc. IV. CONCLUSION In summary, elements from environment have undeniable vital impacts on the business. Therefore, entrepreneur should be prepared carefully with full analyzed information from those elements to help their business be able to survive and develop. V. REFERENCE Jerome A. Katz, Richard P. Green II. Ed. 2011. Entrepreneurial Small Business. 3rd Edition. China: The McGraw Hill. Jerome A. Katz, Richard P. Green II. 2011. The element of the small business environment. China: The McGraw Hill. Ch. 2. Figure 1. Jerome A. Katz, Richard P. Green II, 2011. Four elements needed to get your business started. Entrepreneurial Small Business Figure 2. Jerome A. Katz, Richard P. Green II, 2011. The organization’s environment. Entrepreneurial Small Business Figure 3. The planning context environmental scan. Available at: http://www. publicsafety. gc. ca/prg/em/emp/emp-2010-11-eng. aspx [accessed on 20 March 2012] Figure 5. Michael Porter’s 5 forces model. Available at: http://business-fundas. com/2011/michael-porters-5-forces-model/ [accessed on 20 March 2012] Figure 6: Pestel analysis. Available at: http://pmmagsmartech. blogspot. com/2011/10/pestel-analysis. html [accessed on 20 March 2012] Culture Shaping [e-journal]. Available at: http://www. senndelaney. com/cultureshaping. tml [access on 20 March 2012] Company culture [e-journal]. Available at: http://management. about. com/cs/generalmanagement/a/companyculture. htm [access on 20 March 2012] Emergency Management Planning Guide 2010-2011 [e-journal]. Available at: http://www. publicsafety. gc. ca/prg/em/emp/emp-2010-11-eng. aspx [access on 20 March 2012] Marketing Micro and Macro Environment [e-journal]. A vailable at: http://www. scribd. com/doc/22543929/Marketing-Micro-and-Macro-Environment [access on 20 March 2012] Porter five forces analysis [e-journal]. Available at: http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Porter_five_forces_analysis [access on 20 March 2012] Veterans, Baby Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, Gen Z [e-journal]. Available at: http://suite101. com/article/veterans-baby-boomers-gen-x-gen-y-and-gen-z-a185353 [access on 20 March 2012] What is PESTEL framework? [e-journal]. Available at: http://www. businessmate. org/Article. php? ArtikelId=16 [access on 20 March 2012] PEST analysis [e-journal]. Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/PEST_analysis [access on 20 March 2012] Market environment [e-journal]. Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Market_environment [access on 20 March 2012] How to cite Elements of Small Business Environment, Essay examples

Analyzing Gambling Behaviour in Adults-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: Analyse Gambling Behaviour in Adults. Answers: Introduction- Gambling is a form of recreational activity that has risks associated with it. It either embraces or ruins a persons life. It can be defined as the event of wagering any valuable possession or money with the intention of gaining material goods or monetary benefits. Gambling is a human invention (Schwartz, 2013). Addiction refers to a pathological attachment or compulsive attraction to any substance, generally a drug (West Brown, 2013). Therefore, compulsive gambling is a major form of addiction. It is characterized by narrowing of interests, loss of control, compulsivity, preoccupation, guilt, dishonesty and chronic relapse. Gambling leads to emotional disturbances. Unlike drug abuse and alcoholism, no physical or cognitive impairment has been associated with gambling. Several studies have suggested that adults are more vulnerable to gambling addiction. Adults are influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors while gambling. Supplementing income and financial gain are some of the extrinsic factors (Wagenaar, 2016). The intrinsic factors include distraction from boredom and loneliness, entertainment and escaping grief or sorrow. This report therefore focuses on the prevalence of gambling in adults and will illustrate the psychological needs of an addicted person and different theories that can be applied to address the issue. Potential psychological needs- This part of the essay will build a relationship between motivation or psychological needs in older adults for gambling and the various outcomes. Much research has been carried out in correlating psychiatric needs and gambling prevalence in young adults. However, relatively little research has been performed to decipher the motivation behind older adults who are gambling addicts. Due to aging of population and increased senior citizen participation in gambling, recently research focusing on adult gambler population has emerged. Identification of the gambling motives in adults who fall across the gambling continuum is of utmost importance to realize the potential motivational factors behind this addiction (Reith, 2012). Wiliam Stekel was one of the early psychoanalysts to find similarities between alcoholism and gambling mania in adults. In his view, both the events were motivated by regression to childhood, escapism, power concerns, repressed sexuality and sadism. He also created a demarcation between a professional gambler and a real gambler. The former plays for monetary benefits and not for recreation purpose. However, the latter considers gambling as a major form of play. He recognized the fact that gambling produces alternate emotional states in an adult. It produces intense feelings of joy, hope and expectation, which makes the addict crave for excitement (Rosenthal, 2015). Gambling is often played with a fearful behavior. A person experiences states of depression and mania. Behavioral psychologists laid emphasis on the capability of gambling to induce emotional arousal or reduce tension in the person involved. There are many reasons, which force adults to gamble on a regular basis. These factors can be broadly categorized into two non mutual exclusive motivation types: the desire to positively reinforce arousal and excitement in the subject and the desire to negatively reinforce escape or relief from emotional stress or disturbances. Monetary and social and rewards facilitate the addictive gambling behaviour (Dechant, 2014). Owing to its nature of providing an opportunity to gain money, an addict gets lured into the game with the expectation of changing his lifestyle. The expectancies of large rewards generate excitement in the participants and they start fantasizing or dreaming about the impact of the windfall on their financial status, work, leisure and ability to support family members (Francis et al., 2015). Smaller monetary or materialistic wins also provide a gaining position to the addict and further influences them to pursue gambling in expectation of larger wins. Importantly, the environment in which gambling is being conducted and the type of game being played is highly conducive to motivate a person. It influences his social interaction and adds to the inherent enjoyment. Casinos, clubs and hotels are located at recreational areas, which offer a wide variety of entertainment options like beverage, food, and shows to an addict. This directly increases the persons interest in the game. Social isolation and loneliness lead to development of poor mental and physical health. To escape such feelings, gamblers visit these venues frequently to meet their game partners more often, interact socially, and test their game skills and luck in a safe place. Gambling helps in alleviating isolated feelings. Addictive gambling is also influenced by certain community factors and family like, previous familial gambling history and social abstention on gambling. Peer pressure creates an influence on adult gambling behaviour (Subramaniam et al., 2015). Addicted gamblers become secretive of their daily schedules and less inclined to interact with family and friends. These factors isolate the gambler from his surroundings. Thus, his feelings get intensified. The individual feels the need to escape from such a situation by gambling more, which leads to addiction. Low levels of education and low socio-economic status is another factor that psychologically affects people who participate in addictive gambling. Several studies suggest that problem gamblers and non-problem gamblers are affected by similar motivations. However, the motivational strength differs for each of them. Recent studies provide evidence that adult men are thrice more likely to h ave gambling addiction compared to adult women. Adult men seem to be in expectation of more reinforcement in the form of rewards or amusement than women. They have more positive expectancies from the game when compared to females. Men maximize the perceived benefits of the addiction and minimize the risks associated with it (Ariyabuddhiphongs, 2012). Application of theories to address addictive gambling- Gambling addiction is governed by a set of interrelated factors and determinants, which encompass several developmental, personal, psychophysiological and cognitive components. Different theories can be applied to analyze if the consequences of the behavior of a gambling addict is determined by external factors or under his personal control. One such theory is the locus of control theory, proposed by Julian Rotter. The theory illustrates the degree to which a person believes that he has control over the outcome of his life events, as opposed to the influence of external forces. A persons locus or loci is either internal or external (Lefcourt, 2014). When a person interprets that his behavioral consequences are controlled by fate, luck or powers, it indicates an external locus of control belief. Conversely, Rotter stated that if the person interprets his behavior to be influenced by personality characteristics, it indicates an int ernal locus of control belief. When a person develops, several behaviors are learnt due to reinforcement outcomes. Such reinforcement increases the persons expectancy that a certain behavior will produce the desired result (Carver Scheier, 2012). On establishment of this expectancy, the removal of the reinforcement will make the expectancy to fade. Thus, reinforcement is at times contingent upon behavior, and at times not. With time, the person will get frequently exposed to such rewarding experiences in which their behavior will directly influence the outcome. However, for some people, the reinforcement can result from action of external sources. Rotter claimed that the summation of a persons learning experiences creates a generalized expectancy on whether the reinforcement is externally or internally controlled. Therefore, internal locus of control indicates presence of mental competence that is needed for manifestation of a rational behavior. However, external locus of control f ocuses on temporary disruption that leads to precipitation of irrational behaviour (Orgaz, Estvez Matute, 2013). Several studies have suggested that gamblers have high external locus of control which is mainly directed by peer pressure, environmental experiences and community behavior. Gamblers addicted to lotteries did not believe in skill. Luck played a positive influence in predicting their gambling frequency. However, for regular bettors, their internal locus of control rationally influences their betting choices. They gamble based on their previous experiences and win more than the loss they suffer. The bad beats, which a bettor experiences can be devastating and can trigger a series of events related to gambling. It can disturb the gamblers orientation and he can switch the locus of control from internal to external. This disorientation produces dramatic changes in his money management techniques and may bring great financial loss (Spurrier Blaszczynski, 2014). They take tim e to realize the futility of their irrational behavior and start gaining internal control to recover their orientation and resume gambling. Another theory which can be applied to address the psychosocial needs of gambling addicts is the social cognitive theory. It was proposed by Bandura in the year 1986. According to this theory peopleare considered as proactive,self organizing,self reflecting and self regulating organisms (Weary, Gleicher Marsh, 2012). They were not regarded as reactive organisms that were shaped by environmental factors or inner impulses.The theory considered personalfactorsintheformofcognition,biological events or affect, behavioral changes and environmental interactionsthatresultinreciprocation in the person. Social-cognitive theory is instructive for the gambling addiction problem. In terms of this social cognitive theory, expectancies and beliefs, evaluative standards, and goals and are the four critical constituents of a personality. It works on the principal of triadic reciprocal actions. These three elements can be applied to illustrate gambling behavior. When a person starts to gamble, he is quite convinced that gambling is an acceptable form of recreation or enjoyment. According to the social cognitive theory, our behaviors and decisions are directly governed by our personal beliefs. The wrong beliefs the gamblers hold have caused them to step into a regretful and unfortunate life- addiction to gambling. Cognitive misperceptions lead to the development of addictive behavior, which aq person may consider attractive (Schunk Usher, 2012). Most gambling addicts view it as an easy source of experiencing fun and easy money. Such obscure expectations and lead them to addiction. Moreover, evaluative standards are responsible for guiding the actions. These refer to the personal beliefs of the person on what and how things are supposed to be. Addictive gamblers are in a continuous pursuit of mental euphoria and excitement. They view gambling as a form of entertainment rather than personal harm. Thus, they are driven by internal emotions, which haunt their minds and drive them t o stick to the game of gambling. They fail to realize that gambling is illegal. Therefore, they continue practicing the game considering it is legal and a good form of recreation. Contribution of the theories to understand clinical exposure- Compulsive gambling is the uncontrollable urge that stimulates the reward system in the brain of an addict and takes a toll on his life. Understanding and treating addictive gambling is challenging. The two theories can be analyzed to understand the clinical exposure of the gamble addiction on a person. The social cognitive theory viewed human functioning as a dynamic interaction between behavioral, personal andenvironmentalinfluences.The basic principle of this theory can be applied to identify cognitive distortions, negative thoughts and erroneous perceptions about gambling in a person that is responsible for influencing the person to continue practicing the game (Tang Wu, 2012). Cognitive behavioural therapies (CBT) utilize this information. CBT has been proved to be effective in identifying potential risks for gambling addiction and treating them. Once the internal and external factors are identified, the client and t he therapist can collaborate to and devise a problem solving approach to avoid that situation. These methods work best in highly motivated gamblers. A survey or questionnaire formed on the basis of the two theories can identify cognitive distortions. Gamblers should be encouraged to follow a self exclusion ban from the venue, avoid meeting financial partners, cancel credit cards and refrain themselves from influence of peer groups. Conclusion- Thus, it can be concluded that addictive gambling is a complicated biopsychosocial disorder that creates devastating and dramatic consequences on an individual and his family. The prevalence of legalized gambling makes the situation worse. The locus of control and social cognitive theory explains the motivation behind such behaviour. 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